Write the execution results of polymorphism code

 寫出多型程式碼的執行結果


、根據下列程式回答問題:

Employee, HourlyEmployee, SalariedEmployee 三個類別的關係為何?(5 分)

試指出一個建構子,並說明它的作用。(5 分)

試說明 SalariedEmployee 中 super(n)的作用。(5 分)

試指出多型(polymorphism)出現的地方。(5 分)

執行 PayrollSystemTest 後印出的結果為何?(10 分)

public abstract class Employee

{ private String name;

public Employee( String n )

{ name = n;

}

public void setName( String str )

{ name = str;

}

public String getName()

{ return name;

}

@Override

public String toString()

{ return String. format( "%s", getName() );

}

public abstract double earnings();

}

public class HourlyEmployee extends Employee

{ private double wage; // wage per hour

private double hours; // hours worked for week

public HourlyEmployee( String n, double hourlyWage, double hoursWorked )

{ super( n );

setWage( hourlyWage );

setHours( hoursWorked );

}

public void setWage( double hourlyWage )

{ if ( hourlyWage >= 0.0 )

wage = hourlyWage;

else

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hourly wage must be >= 0.0" );

}

public double getWage()

{ return wage;

}

public void setHours( double hoursWorked )

{ if ( ( hoursWorked >= 0.0 ) && ( hoursWorked <= 168.0 ) )

hours = hoursWorked;

else

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hours worked must be >= 0.0 and <= 168.0" );

}

public double getHours()

{ return hours;

}

@Override

public double earnings()

{ if ( getHours() <= 40 ) // no overtime

return getWage() * getHours();

else

return 40 * getWage() + ( getHours() - 40 ) * getWage() * 1.5;

}

@Override

public String toString()

{ return String. format( "hourly employee: %s\n%s: $%,.2f; %s: %, .2f",

super.toString(), "hourly wage", getWage(),"hours worked", getHours() );

}

}

public class SalariedEmployee extends Employee

{ p rivate double weeklySalary;

public SalariedEmployee( String n, double salary )

{ super( n );

setWeeklySalary( salary );

}

public void setWeeklySalary( double salary )

{ if ( salary >= 0.0 )

weeklySalary = salary;

else

throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Weekly salary must be >= 0.0" );

}

public double getWeeklySalary()

{ return weeklySalary;

}

@Override

public double earnings()

{ return getWeeklySalary();

}// end method earnings

@Override

public String toString()

{ return String. format( "salaried employee: %s\n%s: $%,.2f",

super.toString(), "weekly salary", getWeeklySalary() );

} // end method toString

} // end class SalariedEmployee

public class PayrollSystemTest

{ public static void main( String[] args )

{ // create subclass objects

SalariedEmployee salariedEmployee = new SalariedEmployee( "Smith", 800.00 );

HourlyEmployee hourlyEmployee = new HourlyEmployee( "Price", 16.75, 40 );

System.out.println( "Employees processed individually:\n" );

System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: $%,.2f\n\n",

salariedEmployee, "earned", salariedEmployee.earnings() );

System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: $%,.2f\n\n",hourlyEmployee, "earned", hourlyEmployee.earnings() );

Employee[] employees = new Employee[ 2 ];

employees[ 0 ] = salariedEmployee;

employees[ 1 ] = hourlyEmployee;

for ( Employee currentEmployee : employees )

{ System.out.println( currentEmployee );

System.out.printf( "earned $%, .2f\n\n", currentEmployee.earnings() );

} // end for

} // end main

} // end class PayrollSystemTest


1. **Employee, HourlyEmployee, SalariedEmployee 三個類別的關係**:

   - `Employee` 是一個抽象基類,代表所有員工的共同特性,但不能被實例化。

   - `HourlyEmployee` 和 `SalariedEmployee` 是 `Employee` 的派生類別,它們繼承了 `Employee` 的屬性和方法,並提供了自己的實作以表示不同類型的員工。這是一種繼承(inheritance)關係。


2. **一個建構子及其作用**:

   - `Employee` 類別有一個建構子 `public Employee(String n)`,它接受一個字串參數 `n`,用來設定員工的名字 (`name`)。這個建構子在物件被創建時設定員工的名字。


3. **SalariedEmployee 中 super(n) 的作用**:

   - `super(n)` 用於調用父類別 `Employee` 的建構子,並將名字 `n` 傳遞給父類別的建構子,以設定員工的名字。這確保了所有類別都可以設定員工的名字。


4. **多型(polymorphism)出現的地方**:

   - 多型出現在 `PayrollSystemTest` 的 `for` 迴圈中,當我們迭代 `Employee` 陣列時,實際上在運行時會根據物件的實際型別(`SalariedEmployee` 或 `HourlyEmployee`)調用正確的 `earnings` 方法。這是由於 `Employee` 類別中聲明的 `earnings` 方法是抽象的,並在子類別中實現。這種能力允許我們以統一的方式處理不同型別的員工


5. **執行 PayrollSystemTest 後印出的結果**:

   - 程式首先創建一個 `SalariedEmployee` 物件 `salariedEmployee` 和一個 `HourlyEmployee` 物件 `hourlyEmployee`。

   - 然後,分別計算和印出每個員工的收入。

   - 最後,使用 `for` 迴圈遍歷一個 `Employee` 陣列,並印出每個員工的名字和收入。

   - 結果是:

     ```

     Employees processed individually:


     salaried employee: Smith

     weekly salary: $800.00

     earned $800.00


     hourly employee: Price

     hourly wage: $16.75; hours worked: 40.00

     earned $670.00


     salaried employee: Smith

     earned $800.00


     hourly employee: Price

     earned $670.00

     ```


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